The Italian referendum was intended only to determine whether the head of state of Italy should come from a royal dynasty or be elected by popular vote. However, some political forces organized the Italian Resistance, which enjoyed strong popular support. The year 2020 was always going to be a seismic one for politics, culminating in the U.S. verdict on President Donald Trump’s presidency. Republican traditions in Italy traditionally hark back to the Roman Republic and the Medieval comunes, in which a wide spectrum of people took part in the business of government, but remained largely theoretical, as in the conclusion of Machiavelli's Il Principe. With half of the Italian peninsula occupied by the Germans and the rest by the Allies, a return to civil rights was suspended due to the complete disorder in the country. Accordingly, in April 1944 he turned over most of his powers to Crown Prince Umberto. But this final act of the thousand-year old House of Savoy must be seen as part of our national catastrophe; it is an expiation, an expiation forced upon all of us, even those who have not shared directly in the guilt of the dynasty". In 1981, there was another referendum, this time to abolish divorce. XX Week of the Italian Language in the World 10/22/2020. A constitutional referendum about the reduction of the size of the Italian Parliament was held in Italy on 20 and 21 September 2020. If a mail ballot has been rejected, the voter will have received a notice and must return it signed and witnessed by 2 people or notarized. Initially scheduled to be held on 29 March, the referendum was postponed following the spread of the coronavirus pandemic in Italy, and the consequent lockdown.. [8] The monarchy of the House of Savoy formally ended on 12 June 1946, and Umberto left the country. An institutional referendum (Italian: referendum istituzionale, or referendum sulla forma istituzionale dello Stato) was held in Italy on 2 June 1946, a key event of Italian contemporary history.. Until 1946, Italy had been a kingdom ruled by the House of Savoy, reigning royal house of Italy since the Unification of the country in 1861 and previously rulers of the Duchy of Savoy. In the North, Mussolini declared that the monarchy had been overthrown and began to establish a new republican state, with himself as Duce, but for practical purposes under the control of Karl Wolff and Rudolf Rahn. In 1974, a referendum introduced by the anti-divorce movement was held in the hope of withdrawing the new law, but 59.3% voted against it. Completed notices can also be placed in the drop box at the Board of Elections office at 2000 Plainfield Pike in Cranston. It will not divide it". The first important question regarded the royal family, blamed by many for the fascist regime, the war, and the defeat. This crisis led to the advent of fascism, which destroyed freedoms and civil rights and established a dictatorship, breaking the continuity of the still fragile parliamentary tradition. Germany, worried by the new government's intention to negotiate a separate peace with the Allies, invaded and occupied Northern Italy. The support of the ruling class and especially of the monarchy was crucial for the seizure of power by Benito Mussolini. However, Victor Emmanuel retained the title of king until his abdication in May 1946. The emergence of political forces to replace fascism could not occur until the internal conflict ended and elections could be held. ... Cummings masterminded the Brexit referendum … Kenya’s parliament was in a state of quagmire as legislators allied to President Uhuru Kenyatta and Raila Odinga clashed with their colleagues in Deputy President William Ruto’s camp over the Referendum Bill. Almost all of the Resistance were anti-monarchists; nevertheless, a temporary alliance between them and the Badoglio government was created by the decision of Joseph Stalin and Palmiro Togliatti, secretary of the Italian Communist Party, to postpone the problem of the state organization and focus all efforts on the fight against Hitler's puppet state in the North. [8] At the Ciampino Airport in Rome, as Umberto boarded the aeroplane that was to take him to Lisbon, a Carabiniere grabbed him by the hand and shaking it in tears said "Your Majesty, we will never forget you!"[8]. Unofficial results for the March 2 special referendum election are available on our website. It also includes a Directory that allows local businesses to promote their products and services. South Tyrol and the areas of Trieste and Gorizia did not take part in the referendum. Information about Italian politics. The Ruto camp […] The institutional debate was accelerated in the spring of 1946: The political campaign for the referendum was framed by incidents, especially in northern Italy, where monarchists were attacked by both republicans and post-fascists of the Italian Social Republic. 09/03/2020. [7] Umberto rejected the advice that he should go to Naples, proclaim a rival government with the intention of starting a civil war in which the Army would presumably side with the House of Savoy under the grounds that "My house united Italy. The legality of this action (according to the law in force at the time) is debated, as the Corte di Cassazione already declared a republican victory, at the same time stating that further data were to be analyzed. Details indicate that one side pushing for a ‘yes or no’ referendum and the other calling for a multi-question referendum. Umberto was relatively well received by the people from the moment of his crowning, even if his wife Marie-José was kept at some distance because of her foreign origins. The struggle for a Republican Italy independent of foreign powers had been started by Giuseppe Mazzini in the 19th century. Instead, the elected Chamber and the Head of Government took major roles. Following a second decree (decreto legge luogotenenziale 16 marzo 1946, n. 98), during the government of De Gasperi, a referendum was held on 2 June and 3 June 1946 (2 June later was named as a national holiday). The timeline below tells the story of the events since that fateful day, collating all of the Centre for European Reform’s work on Brexit. It posed the question of the form of the state as a fundamental precondition to developing any further agreements with the other parties. However, in 1922 the rise of Benito Mussolini and the creation of the fascist regime, which eventually resulted in engaging Italy in World War II alongside Nazi Germany, considerably weakened the role of the monarchy. Giustizia e Libertà joined the Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale (National Liberation Committee, CLN). An institutional referendum (Italian: referendum istituzionale, or referendum sulla forma istituzionale dello Stato)[1][2][3] was held in Italy on 2 June 1946,[4] a key event of Italian contemporary history. The conservative, rural Mezzogiorno (southern Italy) region voted solidly for the monarchy (63.8%) while the more urbanised and industrialised Nord (northern Italy) voted equally firmly for a republic (66.2%).[5]. That afternoon, the government censured, This page was last edited on 27 February 2021, at 21:51. Send news tips and questions to editor@warwickpost.com, Bill Creating Civics Graduation Requirement Passes RI Senate, All original content on these pages is fingerprinted and certified by, results for the March 2 special referendum election are available on our website, Baxter: Warwick Schools $4.9M Deficit Looms, Rules of conduct for comments on Warwick Post articles. Prime Minister Alcide de Gasperi assumed office as Italy's interim Head of State. The various competing political factions agreed that a popular referendum would be held to determine the future institutional form of the Italian State. After fighting had died down, a few months were needed before attention could be given to institutional matters. Democracy was not a new concept in Italian politics. To avoid huge dangers of political riots due to the Court's delay, the government itself declared a republic and appointed De Gasperi as the provisional Head of State on 13 June. The pre-Fascist-era parties had been formally disbanded, and so far as they still existed their activity was clandestine and limited, with no form of contact with most of the population. The King's decision was within his powers under the Albertine Statute, but contrary to the parliamentary practices of the Italian liberal state, as the National Fascist Party had only a small minority of the parliamentary deputies. A problem arose when the Court, itself divided between monarchists and republicans, provisionally declared a republican victory on 10 June, but postponing the final result to 18 June. Now he's publisher and editor of WarwickPost.com. Select the subjects you want to know more about on euronews.com Click the dedicated … The King and the government left Rome to seek the protection of the Allied forces that occupied the South. "Dipartimento per gli Affari Interni e Territoriali", "Savoia - Nuovi Dizionari Online Simone - Dizionario Storico del Diritto Italiano ed Europeo Indice H", "Re di Maggio: Pasquino forgives King Umberto II", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1946_Italian_institutional_referendum&oldid=1009305551, Articles containing Italian-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. On 12 March, the government called the 2 June 1946 as the date of the referendum and of the election of the Constituent Assembly; On 18 March, the King issued the decrees together with a letter in which he anticipated his intention to abdicate in favour of his son Umberto (who was named Lieutenant General); the date for abdication being the anniversary of the Allied forces’ entry into Rome; On 9 May, Victor Emanuel III abdicated and left Italy from, On 10 May, early in the morning, Umberto II made his first public announcement as king. A crisis arose in Italian society as a result of the First World War, social inequalities, and the consequent tension between Marxist and other left-wing parties on one side and conservative liberals on the other. Suffrage, initially limited to select citizens, was gradually expanded. Contact him at editor@warwickpost.com with tips, press releases, advertising inquiries, and concerns. At the end of the war, Italy was a severely damaged country, with innumerable victims, a destroyed economy, and a desperate general condition. The Italian Social Republic had its seat of government in the town of Salò, so is commonly known as the Republic of Salo. The Kingdom of Piedmont had become a constitutional monarchy with the liberalizing reforms of King Charles Albert's famous Albertine Statute in 1848. 2016 was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar, the 2016th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 16th year of the 3rd millennium, the 16th year of the 21st century, and the 7th year of the 2010s decade. As the Allies advanced through the peninsula, it became apparent that Victor Emmanuel III was too compromised by his earlier support of Mussolini to have any further role. Until 1946, Italy had been a kingdom ruled by the House of Savoy, reigning royal house of Italy since the Unification of the country in 1861 and previously rulers of the Duchy of Savoy. On June 23rd 2016, Britain voted to leave the EU. In the Gran Sasso raid, or Operation Oak, German paratroopers rescued Mussolini from the hilltop hotel in which he had been imprisoned by the new government. Warwick Post is an online news and information source covering Warwick, Rhode Island. Umberto was more acceptable to the Italian people, in part thanks to his young and elegant life-style, and partially because his figure presented a stark contrast to the old, rough Victor Emmanuel, seen as compromised with the fascist regime himself. He was commonly called Re di Maggio (May King), with reference to his brief rule of only 40 days. 2020-2021 MSHS Students of the Month; 2020-2021 MSHS Student Handbook; General School Information; Driving Directions to MSHS; Collins Parent Letter; PTSA Notices must be returned by 4:00 PM on March 9th. CRANSTON, RI – Voters notified their ballot’s deficient have until 4 p.m. Tuesday to cure their March 2 referendum ballot, the The Rhode Island Board of Elections reminded voters this week. The Week of the Italian Language in the World 2020 runs from 19 to 25 October and this year's theme is “Italian in words and pictures: graffiti, illustrations and comic strips”. [5][6] In response, Alcide De Gasperi who became acting president replied in a press statement: "We must strive to understand the tragedy of someone who, after inheriting a military defeat and a disastrous complicity with dictatorship, tried hard in recent months to work with patience and good will towards a better future. After Mussolini's March on Rome in October 1922, King Victor Emmanuel III refused to sign a decree to declare a state of siege and instead asked Mussolini to form a new government. A Constituent Assembly was elected on the same day.[4]. At SBS Italian we realise that for a non-native speaker our speech delivery could be very fast and difficult to follow. Following the civil war and the Liberation from fascism in 1945, a popular referendum on the institutional form of the State was called and resulted in voters choosing the replacement of the monarchy with a republic. At about 15:00 on 13 June, Umberto left the Quirinal Palace for the last time with the servants all assembled in the courtyard to see him off; many were in tears. The result was even more surprising. When Rome was recaptured on 4 June 1944, Victor Emmanuel relinquished his remaining powers to Umberto and named him Lieutenant General of the Realm, making him the de facto regent. Consequently, the future relationships between these parties and the balance of power were left to be decided at a later, quieter time. Many historians have noted that the royal house had an interest in the abdication, finding convenient to have a popular king "on stage" at that crucial moment. For some years after 1945, internal politically motivated fighting continued. REFERENDUM COSTITUZIONALE DEL 20-21 SETTEMBRE 2020. The question was as simple as possible: Republic or Monarchy. The republic was formally proclaimed on 6 June 1946, ending King Umberto II's brief 34-day reign as king. On 25 June 1944 a decree by Crown Prince Umberto, issued in his capacity as Lieutenant General of the Realm, during Ivanoe Bonomi’s time in office as Prime Minister, prescribed that a Constitutional Assembly would be organized after the war to draft a constitution and to choose an institutional form for the Italian State. [5] In his last statement as king, Umberto refused to accept the republic, saying he was the victim of a coup d'état by his ministers and the referendum had been rigged against him. Rob has worked as reporter and editor for several publications, including The Kent County Daily Times and Coventry Courier, before working for Gatehouse in MA then moving home with Patch Media. Referendum on abolishing the Italian monarchy. Umberto at first refused to accept what he called "the outrageous illegality" of the referendum, and took his deposition badly. They can also visit the Board of Elections’ office to print the notice and Board staff can notarize it. The defeat left the country deprived of the Empire it had fought for in the past two decades and also occupied by foreign soldiers. In fact, 59.3% of Italians voted in favor. [RI Board of Elections] The deadline to cure deficient ballots cast in the March 2 Referendum is Tuesday, 4 p.m. CRANSTON, RI – Voters notified their ballot’s deficient have until 4 p.m. Tuesday to cure their March 2 referendum ballot, the The Rhode Island Board of Elections reminded voters this week.. The movement Giustizia e Libertà, which continued the traditional Mazzinian ideology, was the second important force during the Resistance. All of these laws represented a defeat for the Vatican. Rome descended into chaos, as fighting erupted between Mussolini loyalists and supporters of the new government, as well as leftist opponents of fascism who emerged from hiding.

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